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ELECTRICAL  PHYSIOLOGY 


OR 


ELECTRO-CHEMIC  ENERGY  vs.  OXYGENATION 
OF  THE  HUMAN  BLOOD. 


A  Lecture  delivered  before  the  National  Eclectic  Medical  Association  at  Indianapolis,  Ind..  June  11.  1903 


BY 


ALBERT  J..  ATKINS,  M.  D., 


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T.rrtiirrr  nn..rnnriQflilTTTTf"1frnrtT'rinr   ^California  Medical(£n5lleg-e ;  Vice-President,  San 

Francisco  County  Society  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  Member  of  Eclectic 

Medical  Society  of  The  State  of  California ;  Permanent  Member  of 

National  Eclectic  Medical  Association ;  Author  of  "  The  Life 

Principle ;"  Member  of  The  Press  Club  of  Chicago,  etc. 


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J  N I  V  E  R 

PARROT      BUILDING  SAN   FRANCISCO,  CAL,  U.S.A. 


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COPYRIGHT  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 
1903. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/electricalphysioOOatkirich 


ELECTRICAL  PHYSIOLOGY  OR  ELECTRO-CHEMIC   ENERGY 

vs. 
OXYGENATION  OF  THE  HUMAN  BLOOD. 


ALBERT  J.   ATKINS,   M.  D.,   SAN  FRANCISCO. 
A  Lecture  delivered  before  the  National  Eclectic  Medical  Association  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  June  11, 1903. 


Mr.  President  and  Fellow  Members  : 

After  much  study  and  careful  experiment,  I  have  concluded  that  the  pro- 
cess of  revitalization  of  the  blood  in  the  capillaries  of  the  lungs  is  due  to  the 
action  of  electro-chemic  energy,  and  that  oxygen  does  not  pass  into  the  blood 
by  osmosis. 

In  the  following  paper  I  submit  to  you  an  account  of  my  experiments,  and 
a  brief  history  of  the  course  of  reasoning  that  has  led  me  to  this  important 
conclusion,  so  widely  differing  from  the  present  accepted  theories. 

Although  the  theory  of  osmosis  has  been  generally  received,  it  has  not  been 
proven.  Thoughtful  physiologists  have  admitted  this;  for  instance,  Dalton, 
in  his  "Human  Physiology"  says,  page  537,  "When  we  endeavor  to  learn 
the  place  and  manner  of  oxidation  in  the  living  body,  the  attempt  fails. 
There  is  no  evidence  of  such  direct  action  taking  place  in  the  circulating  fluid, 
nor  in  any  of  the  organs  or  tissues."  Again,  on  page  257,  he  says:  "The 
blood  collects  or  disseminates  substances  which  have  already  been  prepared 
in  other  parts,  and,  as  a  general  rule,  conveys  them  unchanged  to  their  des- 
tinations. Even  a  substance  like  pyrogallic  acid,  so  readily  oxidizable  in  an 
alkaline  solution  that  it  is  employed  for  the  quantitative  determination  of 
oxygen  in  the  air,  when  introduced  into  the  animal  system  passes  through  it 
unchanged  and  reappears  in  the  urine.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  blood 
exerts  anywhere  a  direct  oxidizing  action." 

Further,  in  reference  to  this    subject,  "Howell's  American  Text  Book  of 


178771 


Physiology,"  page  537,  says:  "Most  of  the  studies  have  been  made  solely  by 
determinations  of  the  quantities  of  carbon  dioxide  given  off  in  respiration, 
the  results  being  taken  as  standards  for  the  relative  volumes  of  oxygen  ab- 
sorbed ;  but  such  deductions  are  of  very  uncertain  value,  and  may  be  entirely 
misleading." 

With  such  authorities  leading  the  way  to  doubt,  it  is  not  presumptuous 
to  turn  to  new  lines  of  reasoning  to  find  rational  explanation  for  the  vital 
phenomena  taking  place  in  the  human  system.  Consequently  I  offer  the  fol- 
lowing analysis  of  the  existing  conditions,  with  a  feeling  that  it  will  bear  the 
most  exacting  tests. 

In  the  human  lungs  two  great  circulations  meet — that  of  the  blood,  and 
that  of  the  atmosphere.  These  circulations  moving  in  opposite  directions, 
bring  together  elements  which  have  mutual  attraction.  Under  the  influence 
of  heat  these  elements  unite — generating  electro-chemic  energy,  which  puri- 
fies the  blood,  and  thus  sustains  the  life  of  the  organism. 

That  oxygen  and  carbon  are  found  in  the  chemical  constituents  of  the  blood 
can  not  be  denied;  but  that  these  elements  reach  it  by  a  process  of  osmosis 
is  indeed  very  questionable.  Neither  can  it  be  shown  in  a  single  instance 
that  these  elements  unite  in  any  form  while  they  are  circulating  in  the  blood. 
In  the  course  of  analysis,  it  will  be  shown  that  the  supply  of  oxygen  and  of 
carbon  found  in  the  blood  and  tissues  reach  the  system  through  the  route  of 
digestion. 

A  strong  argument  against  the  theory  of  osmosis,  or  diffusion  of  gases  lies 
in  the  fact  of  the  greater  resistance  offered  by  living  membranes,  and  by  the 
pressure  of  the  blood  exerted  against  that  of  the  atmosphere.  The  proof  of 
greater  pressure  is  shown  by  the  hemorrhage  which  results  if  the  smallest 
opening  is  made  in  the  air-sac  of  the  lung.  Notice  how  carefully  Nature 
guards  the  possibility  of  hemorrhage  in  tubercular  lungs,  by  infiltrating  large 
areas  about  the  point  of  infection.  Another  instance  is  seen  in  the  provision 
of  an  artery  for  the  passage  of  venous  blood  from  the  heart  to  the  lungs — the 
only  place  in  the  human  system  where  an  artery  is  used  for  the  conveyance  of 
venous  blood. 

In  regard  to  filtration  or  osmosis,  Howell  says,  in  "The  American  Text 
Book  of  Physiology,"  page  156:  "It  has  been  shown  that  living  membranes 
offer  considerable  resistance  of  filtration,  even  when  liquid  pressure  on  one 
side  is  much  greater  than  on  the  other.  Tigerstedt  and  Santessen,  for  in- 
stance, found  that  a  lung  taken  from  a  frog  just  killed  gave  no  filtrate  when 
its  cavity  was  extended  by  liquid,  under  a  pressure  of  18  to  20  centimetres — 
provided  the  liquid  used  was  one  that  did  not  injure  the  tissues.  If,  how- 
ever, the  lung  tissue  was  killed  by  heat  or  otherwise,  filtration  occurred 
readily  under  the  same  pressure." 

In  my  own  experiment  on  fresh  lungs  from  Uhe  sheep.  I  have  repeatedly 


demonstrated  that  the  lungs  can  be  inflated  with  pure  oxygen  gas  and  they 
will  keep  so  for  forty-eight  hours,  without  loss  of  oxygen.  In  these  experi- 
ments the  heart  was  always  removed,  and  all  blood-vessels  leading  away  from 
the  lungs  were  cleared  of  clots  and  left  open.  The  lungs  were  kept  in  a 
normal  salt  solution,  at  a  temperature  of  98°  F.  At  the  end  of  the  time  men- 
tioned the  lung  tissue  showed  signs  of  decomposition,  owing  to  the  action  of 
the  gas  and  water;  consequently  there  was  then  a  loss  of  oxygen. 

Moreover,  I  have  performed  tracheotomy  on  the  living  animal,  killing  it  as 
soon  as  the  lungs  could  be  inflated  with  oxygen  gas  and  the  trachea  tied.  In 
every  instance,  upon  opening  the  thoracic  cavity,  the  lungs  were  found  to  be 
inflated  to  their  fullest  capacity,  remaining  so  for  an  indefinite  period  without 
loss  of  oxygen. 

Furthermore,  the  living  membrane  of  the  lungs  is  protected  from  the  dif- 
fusion of  gaseous  matter,  by  the  mucous  secretion  from  its  secretory  cells,  and 
still  more  so  by  the  extreme  swiftness  with  which  the  current  of  life-force 
passes  through  it. 

Living  membranes  absorb  and  secrete  elements  through  organs  which 
Nature  has  prepared  for  that  purpose.  These  organs  of  secretion  and  absorp- 
tion may  be  stimulated  or  sedated  by  various  influences,  and  they  mark  the 
difference  in  Nature's  methods  of  transfering  elements  in  simple  and  in  com- 
plex forms  of  organic  life.  My  experiments  prove  that  oxygen  may  be  sealed 
in  a  pair  of  fresh  lungs,  and  these  can  be  carried  about  as  though  they  were 
an  oxygen  bag. 

It  is  the  office  of  venous  blood  to  collect  waste  products  from  the  tissues, 
and  carry  them  to  the  organs  of  exit.  It  has  been  mentioned,  and  it  is  a  fact 
that  all  excretions  of  waste  material  take  place  through  glands  and  ducts  of 
organs,  as  in  the  skin  and  kidneys,  and  it  would  be  unreasonable  to  consider 
the  lungs  an  exception  to  this  general  rule  of  organic  life. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  five  hundred  grammes  of  carboniferous,  decaying 
animal  matter  are  excreted  from  the  lungs  every  twenty-four  hours.  It  is 
claimed  by  some  physiologists  that  all  this  mass  of  decaying  matter  passes  out 
of  the  blood  by  exmosis  during  the  time  of  expiration.  Venous  blood  is  ex- 
posed to  the  influence  of  atmosphere  about  one  and  one-half  seconds  ;  during 
this  time  it  is  supposed  to  give  up  carbon-dioxide,  and  to  receive  sufficient 
oxygen  to  furnish  energy  for  the  entire  system. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  carbon-di-oxide  is  formed  in  the  blood.  Dalton, 
in  "Human  Physiology,"  page  257,  says:  "In  the  blood,  the  plasma  consists 
mainly  of  organic  substances  in  solution,  and  oxygen  is  abundant  in  the  glob- 
ules in  a  state  of  loose  combination.  But  the  union  of  carbon  and  oxygen 
does  not  take  place  in  the  blood." 

The  chemical  analysis  of  venous  blood  shows  more  carbon  in  its  compo- 
sition than  does  that  of   arterial  blood.     When  compared  with  inspired  air 


6 

expired  air  shows  a  gain  in  carbon  in  union  with  oxygen  in  the  form  of  car- 
bon-dioxide. It  has  been  shown  that  the  union  of  carbon  and  oxygen  does 
not  take  place  within  the  blood  stream,  hence  it  is  obvious  that  the  lungs 
excrete  carbon,  and  that  the  union  between  carbon  and  oxygen  of  expired  air 
must  take  place  in  the  lungs,  outside  of  the  blood  stream.  It  is  evident  that 
the  larger  portion  of  the  oxygen  of  inspired  air  unites  with  carbon  at  this 
point,  and  therefore  could  not  pass  into  the  blood  by  osmosis. 

The  excretions  of  the  lungs  represent  elements  of  decomposition,  material 
from  the  tissues  undergoing  retrograde  metamorphosis.  In  the  "American 
Text  Book  of  Physiology,"  page  944,  the  author  says:  "Through  putrefac- 
tion hydrogen  is  liberated."  Further,  on  the  same  page,  he  continues:  "In 
putrefaction  in  the  presence  of  oxygen,  the  hydrogen  formed  immediately 
unites  with  the  oxygen,  producing  water ;  hence,  notwithstanding  the  enor- 
mous amount  of  putrefaction  in  the  world  there  is  no  accumulation  of  hydro- 
gen in  the  atmosphere."  The  liberation  of  hydrogen  from  the  decaying 
excretions  of  the  lungs  explains  the  presence  of  watery  vapor  in  expired  air. 
It  is  well  known  that  there  are  but  slight  traces  of  hydrogen  in  pure  atmos- 
phere ;  it  is  equally  well  known  that  there  is  a  considerable  quantity  of  watery 
vapor  in  expired  air.  Therefore,  it  is  evident  that  hydrogen  thus  liberated 
would,  under  the  influence  of  electro-chemic  energy,  unite  with  oxygen  of 
atmosphere,  forming  water,  which  becomes  vaporized  by  the  heated  condition 
of  the  lungs.  In  this  union  between  hydrogen  and  oxygen  of  air,  together 
with  the  before-mentioned  union  of  excreted  carbon  and  oxygen  of  the  air, 
will  be  found  every  molecule  of  atmospheric  oxygen  which  is  supposed  to  pass 
into  the  blood  by  osmosis. 

Oxygen  of  air  is  a  cooling,  para-magnetic  element;  its  molecules  move 
in  pairs.  Under  the  influence  of  heat  these  molecules  expand,  thus  becoming 
more  gaseous;  this  disturbs  their  magnetic  polarity  and  breaks  their  chemical 
bonds.  When  the  bonds  of  chemical  affinity  between  the  molecules  of  any 
substance  are  broken  by  heat,  expansion,  electrolysis  or  other  means,  electro- 
chemic  energy  is  generated.  This  energy  is  positive  or  negative  in  character 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  elements  from  which  it  originates. 

Oxygen  is  found  chemically  combined  with  arterial  blood.  Before  oxygen 
of  air  could  unite  with  blood,  circulating  as  it  does  in  a  closed  system  of 
tubes,  it  must  be  reduced  to  a  fluid  state.  According  to  physics  there  are  but 
two  methods  of  reducing  gases  to  fluids — these  are  by  pressure,  or  by  cooling 
agencies,  neither  of  which  conditions  exist  in  the  lungs. 

The  temperature  of  air  averages  from  60°  to  70°  F.,  while  the  temperature 
of  the  human  lungs  is  nearly  100°  F. ;  consequently,  in  the  human  lungs  we 
have  a  cool  current  of  air  meeting  the  resistance  of  heated  surfaces,  a  con- 
dition which  forbids  the  reduction  of  gases  to  fluids  but  which  favors  electro- 
chemic  action. 


The  temperature  of  venous  blood  is  higher  than  that  of  arterial  blood,  and 
its  energy  is  of  a  negative  character,  consequently,  by  law  of  opposite  attrac- 
tions, its  energy  and  heat  are  drawn  toward  the  new  field  of  action  caused 
by  the  molecular  rearrangement  of  elements  taking  place  in  the  lungs  outside 
the  blood  stream.  It  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  heat  is  a  form  of  electro- 
chemic  energy,  and  the  cooling,  watery  vapors  of  the  lungs  are  a  good  con- 
ductor for  it. 

Draper,  in  "Medical  Physics,"  page  234,  says:  "Chemical  affinity,  heat, 
motion,  magnetism,  electricity  and  light  are  convertible  one  into  another." 
Massey,  in  his  "Conservative  Gynecology  and  Electro-Therapeutics,"  in  a 
foot-note  on  page  39,  says:  "Chemic  affinity  is  now  understood  to  be  identical 
with  electric  affinity." 

The  negative  oxygen  elements  of  inspired  air  meet  the  positive  carbon  ele- 
ments which  are  excreted  by  the  lungs  from  venous  blood.  Through  the 
influence  of  heat  molecular  rearrangement  ensues,  and  by  the  nature  of  the 
elements  rearranged  positive  electro-chemic  energy  results. 

It  is  a  fundamental  law  of  chemistry  that  molecular  rearrangement,  with 
chemical  union,  always  produces  electro-chemic  energy.  By  the  action  of 
opposite  attractions,  and  by  the  conductivity  of  oxygen  elements  the  positive 
energy  of  the  new  field  is  drawn  to  the  negative  blood. 

"  Venous  blood  is  distributed  to  the  lungs  by  the  pulmonary  artery,  whose 
terminal  branches  form  a  plexus  of  capilliary  vessels  surrounding  the  air-cells. 
The  air  and  blood  are  thus  brought  into  intimate  relationship  being  separated 
only  by  the  delicate  wall  of  the  capillary.  A  capillary  frequently  passes 
through  an  aperture  in  the  cell  wall  but  never  becomes  altogether  free  from 
it,  and  no  blood  escapes  into  the  air-sac  during  its  passage." — Gray's  Anatomy. 

In  the  extremity  of  the  bronchiac  we  also  find  non-insulation  in  the  air-sac, 
showing  that  Nature  has  prepared  the  way  for  the  transmission  of  electro- 
chemic  energy. 

In  Gray's  Anatomy,"  it  is  said:  "The  mucous  membrane  of  the  trachea  and 
bronchial  tubes  is  pierced  by  many  excretory  glands;  it  is  also  covered  with 
columnar  epithelium."  This  epithelium  acts  as  a  complete  insulation  to  the 
escape  of  any  electric  energy  produced  within  the  tubes;  but  the  terminal 
bronchial  tubes  lose  their  epithelium  and  muscular  eoat  at  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  from  the  most  distant  air-cells  to  which  they  may  lead,  and  are 
thus  reduced  to  a  single  basement  membrane.  Thus  it  also  becomes  non- 
insulated  to  facilitate  the  transmission  of  energy  to  the  blood. 

Residual  air  of  the  lungs,  with  the  saline,  watery  elements,  plays  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  conduction  of  electro-chemic  energy  to  and  from  the  blood. 
Residual  air  being  heavier  than  tidal  air,  is  drawn  back  and  forth  to  and  from 
the  air-sac,  transmitting  the  energy  to  and  from  the  blood  with  perfect,  ryth- 
mic action,  similar  to  the  action  of  a  to  and  fro  current.     Residual  air  of  the 


8 

lungs  always  remains  about  the  same  in  quantity;  its  quality  is  maintained  by 
constant  motion  of  its  molecules,  the  supply  of  which  is  renewed  by  continual 
interchange  with  tidal  air. 

Venous  blood  is  cooled  slightly  by  evaporation  in  the  lungs,  and  by  loss  of 
carbon  and  hydrogen. 

The  liberation  of  hydrogen  from  the  watery  elements  of  the  blood,  by  elec- 
trolytic action  leaves  free  oxygen  in  the  blood  stream,  which  accounts  for  the 
excess  of  free  oxygen  in  arterial  blood,  as  will  be  fully  elucidated  in  the 
course  of  analysis. 

The  blood,  as  a  whole,  is  dia-magnetic,  that  is,  it  has  a  tendency  to  throw 
out  force  from,  and  at  right  angles  to  its  center.  This  being  a  fact,  it  would 
be  impossible  to  form  an  attractive  magnetic  field  in  the  blood  current,  if 
Nature  had  not  placed  para-magnetic  iron  with  the  55  per  cent  of  carbon  in 
the  hemoglobin. 

The  carbon  attracted  by  the  iron  forms  a  magnet  which,  when  charged  with 
electro-chemic  energy,  creates  a  current  in  the  center  of  the  blood  stream, 
causing  this  part  to  move  more  rapidly  than  the  surrounding  parts  of  the 
fluid. 

Oxygen  of  venous  blood,  made  free  by  the  loss  of  hydrogen,  is  attracted  to 
the  positive  carbon,  and  arranges  itself  in  a  loose  manner  at  right  angles  to 
the  carbon  of  hemoglobin.  None  of  these  elements  unite  on  account  of  the 
inflow  of  electro-chemic  energy  from  the  atmosphere  at  this  point.  It  is  a  law 
of  electrolytic  action  that  the  movement  of  a  current  through  a  fluid  decom- 
poses its  elements  and  prevents  union  which  would  otherwise  take  place. 
This  action  explains  why  carbon  di-oxide  is  not  formed  in  the  blood ;  it  also 
shows  why  there  is  no  coagulation  in  circulating  blood. 

In  experimenting  on  venous  blood,  I  have  submitted  the  coagulated  blood 
to  the  action  of  currents  of  galvanic  electricity  with  the  following  results: 
coagulated  blood  was  made  fluid,  also  its  color  was  changed  and  rechanged, 
according  to  the  application  of  the  electrodes. 

When  venous  blood  is  subjected  to  the  action  of  an  electric  current  the 
molecular  arrangement  is  disturbed  and  altered.  The  instant  a  current  enters 
the  blood  there  is  great  activity  among  its  elements — they  begin  to  circulate 
freely,  and  each  moves  toward  the  point  of  electrical  attraction.  Carbon, 
hydrogen  and  all  other  positive  elements  are  torn  from  their  union  with  other 
elements  of  the  blood,  and  collect  at  the  negative  pole  of  the  circuit,  while 
oxygen  and  all  negative  elements  collect  at  the  positive  pole. 

The  carboniferous  elements  at  the  negative  pole  give  to  the  blood  its  dark, 
venous  hue,  while  those,'  of  free  oxygen  and  other  negative  elements  at  the 
positive  pole  give  the  characteristic  scarlet  hue  to  arterial  blood,  showing 
clearly  that  electro-chemic  action  is  the  cause  of  change  of  color  in  the  blood. 

We  have  shown  that  energy  results  from  the  chemical  changes  which  take 


9 

place  in  the  lungs  outside  the  blood  stream.  This  energy  conducted  by  the 
elements  of  residual  air,  and  confined  by  the  insulation  of  the  bronchial 
tubes  passes  on  to  the  non-insulated  air-sacs  and  capillaries,  where  it  enters  the 
negative  venous  blood.  The  instant  this  energy  reaches  the  blood  it  causes 
it  to  glow  with  a  new  life;  its  color  changes  by  the  vitalizing  effect  of  the 
charge,  and  consequent  rearrangement  of  its  molecules. 

Here  is  the  beginning  of  the  circulation  of  life.  Here  is  the  power  which 
transforms  venous  into  arterial  blood  and  starts  it  upon  its  mission  of  main- 
taining life  in  the  human  organism. 

In  applying  electro-chemic  principles  to  the  human  organism  it  becomes 
necessary  to  use  familiar  terms  common  to  electrical  nomenclature,  but  it  must 
be  borne  in  mind  that  while  the  energy  in  the  organism  works  upon  the  same 
plan  as  electrical  energy  everywhere,  yet  here  we  have  a  higher  order,  and  a 
more  complex  arrangement  of  action.  In  the  living  organism  we  have  some- 
thing better  than  a  machine,  something  that  is  self-adjusting,  self-repairing, 
growing,  constantly  changing  condition,  therefore  the  comparisons  are  neces- 
sarily crude;  nevertheless,  they  help  us  to  mentally  grasp  certain  principles 
which  will  lead  us  to  a  better  understanding  of  phenoma  which  has  hitherto 
baffled  analysis. 

There  are  two  great  sources  from  which  the  human  system  gains  its  supply 
of  electro-chemic  energy;  one  is  from  the  atmosphere,  the  other  is  from  the 
reduction  of  food  elements.  One  is  organic,  the  other  is  largely  inorganic. 
The  intermingling  of  energy  from  these  two  sources  maintains  organic  life  of 
the  highest  order. 

It  is  now  accepted  by  leading  scientists  that  all  matter  is  energy  condensed 
into  different  forms.  It  is  my  opinion  that  energy  is  a  form  of  matter  in 
rapid  vibratory  motion. 

All  fluids  and  food  structures  used  in  the  economy  of  the  human  system 
represents  a  certain  refined,  or  stored  energy,  which  under  proper  conditions 
may  be  liberated  to  perform  functions  in  higher  organic  life.  These  elements 
have  passed  through  many  evolutionary  processes  of  refinement.  In  the 
energy  which  maintains  human  life  we  find  the  blending  of  forces  which  are 
respectively  the  highest  product  of  the  organic  and  inorganic  kingdoms  of 
Nature. 

In  reference  to  the  chemistry  of  the  animal  body,  Howell's  "  Text  Book  of 
Physiology,"  page  962,  says:  "The  chlorophyll-containing  leaf  of  the  plant, 
through  the  medium  of  the  energy  of  the  sun's  rays,  brings  the  molecules  of 
water  and  carbonic  oxide  derived  from  the  air  in  such  a  position  with  regard 
to  each  other  that  they  unite  to  form  sugar  with  the  elimination  of  oxygen; 
this  process  is  called  synthesis — the  construction  of  a  more  complicated  body 
from  simple  ones. 

The  active,  or  "kinetic"  energy  from  the  sun  required  to  build  up  the  com- 


10 

pound  is  stored,  becoming  "potential"  energy  in  that  compound,  and  is 
liberated  again  in  exactly  the  same  quantity  on  the  resolution  of  the  sub- 
stance into  its  original  constituents. 

So  the  amount  of  energy  liberated  in  decomposition  of  a  food  in  the  body 
is  exactly  equal  to  the  energy  needed  to  build  it  up  from  its  excreted  constit- 
uents; and  this  liberated  energy  appears  in  the  body  as  heat,  work  and  electric 
currents." 

The  electro-chemic  energy  which  is  liberated  from  the  reduction  of  food 
structures  in  the  human  system  is  negative,  or  lower  in  potential  to  that  which 
is  produced  in  the  lungs  from  the  atmosphere.  The  exchange  between  these 
two  electro-chemic  energies  keeps  in  action  that  vast  system  of  forces  which 
we  know  as  human  life. 

Physiologists  must  recognize  that  no  chemical  changes  can  take  place  in 
the  human  system  without  the  liberation  of  electro-chemic  energy  from  the 
elements  undergoing  transformation.  The  blood  is  the  physical  conductor  of 
electro-chemic  energy  to  tissues,  organs  and  nerves  of  the  human  system.  It 
is  composed  of  many  elements  and  structures,  all  of  which  have  an  especial 
purpose  in  the  economy  of  nature. 

Digestion  prepares  food  structures  to  enter  the  circulation  for  further  re- 
duction. Chyle  does  not  represent  the  final  step  in  the  reduction  of  food 
structures,  as  these  must  be  reduced  to  energy  before  they  are  fitted  to 
become  a  sustaining  part  of  the  vital  organism. 

The  ultimate  step  in  the  reduction  of  structures  transpires  in  the  blood;  at 
each  circuit  of  blood  some  of  the  compounds  are  torn  apart  by  electrolytic 
action ;  each  time  a  compound  is  broken  a  certain  amount  of  stored  energy  is 
released  from  the  elements  of  that  compound,  and  thus  becomes  a  part  of  the 
sustaining  energy  of  the  system.  When  structures  are  completely  reduced 
they  are  not  destroyed,  but  having  parted  with  their  portion  of  energy  they 
are  no  longer  useful  to  the  system,  and  consequently  pass  away  from  it.  as 
waste,  or  retrograde  products,  or  elements. 

Every  particle  of  food  that  is  used  by  the  system  must  be  converted  into 
energy  before  it  plays  its  part  in  the  functions  of  the  organism.  Here  is  the 
secret  of  vitality;  here  we  gain  the  force  that  keeps  our  bodies  alive.  These 
products  of  digestion  act  similarly  to  the  zincs  and  carbons  of  a  battery;  they 
are  slowly  converted  into  force  by  numerous  rounds  of  circulation  in  the  sys- 
tem. At  each  circuit  they  are  acted  upon  by  various  organs,  each  one  of 
which  has  its  own  peculiar  function.  It  is  thus  that  the  products  of  digestion 
finally  reach  that  most  refined  condition  known  as  vital  force. 

When  the  products  of  digestion  are  poured  into  venous  blood  they  consist 
of  a  fluid  which  is  composed  of  many  structures.  Water  forms  a  large  per- 
centage of  this  compound;  from  the  source  of  digestion,  also,  comes  the 
supply  of  oxygen,  carbon  and  other  elements,  which  must  be  subjected  to 


11 

» 

electrolytic  action  in  the  blood,  in  order  to  render  them  useful  in  the  organism. 
When  the  watery  elements  of  digestion  undergo  electrolytic  action  in  the 
blood  stream  the  bonds  of  union  between  hydrogen  and  oxygen  are  broken; 
this  frees  a  sufficient  supply  of  each  of  these  elements  for  all  uses  of  the  sys- 
tem. By  this  method,  and  from  this  source  the  system  is  supplied  with 
needful  elements. 

The  two  great  circulations,  of  air  and  of  blood,  move  in  opposite  directions, 
rotating  with  as  absolute  a  precision  as  the  planets  of  the  solar  system. 

In  an  electrical  sense,  the  capillaries  of  the  lungs  and  the  capillaries  of  the 
systemic  circulation  represent  a  positive  and  negative  relation  toward  each 
other;  yet,  taking  the  blood  as  a  whole,  the  positive  and  negative  poles  of  the 
atmospheric  electro-chemic  circuit  are  in  the  lungs;  that  is,  the  arterial  blood, 
which  is  positively  charged,  starts  out  from  the  lungs  to  perform  its  office  to 
the  system,  and  represents  the  outgoing  current  of  energy.  Venous  blood, 
which  has  become  negative  through  loss  of  a  portion  of  its  atmospheric 
energy,  returns  to  the  lungs  for  revitalization,  and  represents  the  return  cur- 
rent of  negative  energy. 

Arterial  blood  is  the  distributor  to  the  system,  while  venous  blood  is  the 
eollector  from  the  system.  The  latter  is  loaded  with  carbon  and  hydrogen — 
positive  elements  which  have  been  decomposed  during  their  rounds  of  circu- 
lation. According  to  electric  laws,  the  positive  elements  decomposed  in  the 
atmospheric  circuit  would  naturally  collect  at  the  negative  pole  for  excretion. 

The  arteries  leading  from  the  heart  are  strong,  cylindrical  tubes,  insulated 
throughout  their  length  for  the  purpose  of  confining  the  blood  and  its  energy, 
thus  conducting  the  energy  to  its  proper  point  of  distribution,  the  capillaries. 
If  it  were  not  for  this  insulation  of  the  blood  vessels  the  dia-magnetic  action 
of  the  blood  would  cause  the  energy  to  be  distributed  too  soon.  The  arteries 
rapidly  diminish  in  size,  until  in  the  capillaries  they  become  microscopic,  and 
loose  their  insulation,  thus  permitting  free  electrical  exchange  in  the  tissues. 

In  the  capillaries,  the  minuteness  of  the  channels  causes  resistance  to  the 
passing  electro-chemic  energy  in  the  blood.  This  resistance  produces  electro- 
ehemic  heat,  with  consequent  molecular  rearrangement  and  change  of  color. 
The  heat  produced  in  this  manner  helps  to  maintain  an  even  temperature  in 
the  body.  Oxygen  is  set  free  at  this  point  to  enter  the  lymph  spaces,  and 
carbon  is  collected  from  the  tissues.  Here,  also,  the  nerves  terminate  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  in  direct  communication  with  the  stream  of  life, 
and  thus  become  the  finer  conductors  of  vital  energy  to  all  parts  of  the 
human  system. 

Scudder,  in  "Principles  of  Medicine,"  page  47,  quotes  Prof.  Youmans  as 
follows:  "As  it  is  now  admitted  that  no  chemical  change  can  occur  without 
electrical  excitement,  and  as  the  human  body  is  a  mass  of  rapidly  changing 
•chemical  materials,  it  must  be  the  theater  of  extensive  electrical  movements; 


12 

though  to  demonstrate  this  has  been  one  of  the  most  difficult  and  delicate 
problems  of  science.  The  blood  is  an  alkaline  fluid,  while  the  juice  of  the 
flesh  is  acid,  and  the  two  liquids  are  only  separated  by  the  thin  walls  of  the 
vessels.  By  the  action  of  these  fluids  there  must  be  in  every  mass  of  muscle 
myriads  of  electric  currents.  Matteucci  has  proved  that  currents  of  electricity 
are  circulating  in  the  frames  of  all  animals.  The  smallest  shreds  of  muscular 
tissue  have  been  proved  by  Dubois  Raymond  to  manifest  currents,  the  longi- 
tudinal section  being  always  positive  to  the  transverse  section. 

Every  cell  in  the  human  body  is  an  organ  which,  under  proper  stimulus  of 
electro-chemic  energy,  absorbs,  secretes  or  excretes  elements  suitable  to  the 
function  it  performs  in  the  living  economy. 

When  the  blood  passes  from  the  capillaries  into  the  veins  it  is  in  a  negative 
condition,  having  parted  with  the  greater  portion  of  atmospheric  energy.  It 
travels  slowly  in  consequence  of  loss  of  energy,  but  the  increase  in  number 
and  the  constantly  widening  channels  of  the  veins  offer  little  resistance  to  it& 
passage,  and  thus  facilitate  its  return. 

In  traversing  the  circuit  of  circulation  there  are  many  changes  in  the  mole- 
cular arrangements  of  the  elements  composing  the  blood.  This  causes  seem- 
ing losses  and  apparent  gains,  but  if  we  examine  these  from  an  electro-chemic 
standpoint,  and  with  due  consideration  of  the  digestive  supply,  we  shall  find 
that  they  consist  in  rearrangement,  and  wherever  an  element  is  given  up  to  the 
tissues  its  loss  to  the  blood  stream  is  supplied  from  some  other  organ,  before 
the  circuit  is  completed. 

Thus  we  can  account  for  all  of  the  elements  made  use  of  in  the  mainten- 
ance of  the  system,  and  know  the  source  from  whence  they  come. 

When  venous  blood  leaves  the  heart  to  enter  the  lungs  for  revitalization,  it 
has  in  its  composition  all  the  elements  of  arterial  blood,  except  the  energy 
which  the  latter  had  received  from  the  atmosphere,  and  to  regain  which  ven- 
ous blood  returns  to  the  lungs.  For  without  this  energy  which  passes  from 
the  atmosphere  to  the  blood  there  could  be  no  reduction  of  food  elements  in 
the  blood  stream,  they  would  remain  unchanged — their  stored  energy  could 
not  be  released  because  their  bonds  of  chemical  union  would  remain  unbroken. 

The  human  organism,  as  a  whole,  is  a  vast  electro-chemic  laboratory,  where- 
in are  generated  electro-chemic  forces  whose  action  sustains  the  life  of  the 
body,  keeping  its  fluids  in  circulation. 

These  forces  remain  vital  through  constant  interchange  with  those  of  the 
atmosphere;  the  point  of  this  interchange  is  the  lungs.  The  electro-chemic 
forces  of  the  body  are  liberated  through  reduction  of  food  elements. 

The  atmospheric  electro-chemic  energy  is  generated  in  the  lungs  by  mole- 
cular rearrangement  and  chemical  change  of  atmospheric  gases.  The  energy 
in  the  human  body  is  negative  to  that  of  the  atmosphere,  hence  there  is 
mutual  attraction  and  circulation  of  energy  between  them;  this  constitutes  the 


13 

circulation  of  life,  bringing  together,  as  it  does,  the  highest  product  of  all 
Nature's  Kingdoms. 

"We  have  shown  how  the  blood  receives  positive  electro-chemic  energy  in 
the  lungs — how  this  energy  acts  upon  the  various  food  elements  in  the  blood 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  release  their  contained  or  stored  energy,  which  is 
negative  to  that  of  the  atmospheric  energy.  We  have  noted  the  insulated 
blood  vessels,  and  have  seen  how  this  insulation  is  removed  within  the  capil- 
laries so  that  energy  may  be  taken  up  by  the  nervous  system  to  be  used  in 
the  economy  of  the  organism. 

We  have  seen  how  this  return  flow  of  energy  through  venous  blood  collects 
the  waste  or  retrograde  products  at  its  negative  pole,  for  exit  through  excre- 
tion. These  waste  products,  positive  in  their  nature,  are  now  descending  in 
the  scale  toward  lower  forms  of  life,  where  Nature,  in  her  wonderful  conser- 
vation of  energy,  utilizes  them. 

Attention  has  been  called  to  the  fact  that  carbon  and  hydrogen  decomposed 
by  electrolysis  in  the  blood  stream  collects  at  the  lungs  for  excretion,  and 
when  excreted  these  elements  leave  in  the  venous  blood  free  oxygen  for  mole- 
cular rearrangement  in  arterial  blood. 

It  has  been  shown  how  liberated  hydrogen,  in  the  presence  of  oxygen, 
unites  with  that  element  to  form  the  watery  vapors  of  expired  air,  and  how 
carbon  unites  with  oxygen,  forming  carbon-dioxide,  producing  the  positive 
energy  which  pm*ifies  and  renews  the  life  of  the  blood.  These  elements  have 
now  performed  their  office  in  the  human  system,  and  are  expelled  from  the 
lungs  as  dead,  or  devitalized  air. 

The  effete  gases  thrown  off  from  the  lungs  are  fifty  times  heavier  than 
atmosphere,  consequently  they  are  naturally  attracted  toward  the  earth's 
carboniferous  plant  life.  Botanists  tell  us  that  under  the  influence  of  sun- 
light, plants  absorb  carbon  from  the  air,  and  excrete  oxygen;  hence  it  is 
readily  seen  that  the  vegetable  kingdom  has  a  great  influence  on  the  purifica- 
tion of  the  atmosphere. 

Nature's  methods  are  perfect.  In  her  economy  she  uses  the  retrograding 
elements  to  generate  or  liberate  energy  which  is  ascending.  The  disintegrat- 
ing elements  from  one  kingdom  become  the  food  supply  for  another,  and  all 
kingdoms  are  united  by  that  subtle  force,  electro-chemic  energy.  Nothing  is 
lost.  Matter  is  reduced  to  energy,  and  energy  is  condensed  into  matter — 
neither  can  be  absolutely  destroyed.  The  changes  which  we  witness  are 
those  of  reduction,  change  of  form.  By  a  close  study  of^he'laws  of  resistance 
to  passing  energy  we  shall  ultimately  learn  the  secret  of  how  ceHs  are  formed 
from  condensing  energy. 

Solar  energy  mingling  with  gaseous  elements  imparts  some  of  ks  electric 
life  to  them,  causing  motion  and  circulation. 

Too  much  stress  can  not  be  placed  upon  the  fact  that  it  is  the  life-giving 


14 

influence  of  the  electrical  sunlight,  which  imparts  to  growing  vegetation  its 
stored  electric  energy,  and  to  the  atmosphere  the  qualities  which  make  its 
elements  play  so  important  a  part  in  the  maintenance  of  life. 

Chas.  Dennison,  A.M.,  M.D.,  of  Colorado,  in  his  valuable  paper  on  "Devi- 
talized Air  Toxaemia,  a  Prime  Cause  of  Tuberculosis,"  says:  "The  life  of  the 
air  consists,  to  a  greater  extent  than  has  been  heretofore  recognized,  in  the 
molecular  mobility  of  its  atoms  caused  by  the  sun's  influence.  The  diffus- 
ibility  of  the  air,  its  easy  and  ceaseless  motion,  due  to  changes  of  tempera- 
ture in  different  strata,  are  forces  of  molecular  activity  which,  under  the  in- 
fluence of  some  electrical  or  other  force  yet  to  be  fully  understood,  probably 
impart  the  life-giving  principle  to  the  atmosphere.  The  restraint  of  this 
molecular  motion,  and  consequent  limitation  of  vitality,  are  in  direct  propor- 
tion to  the  deficiency  of  ventilation.  Herein,  I  conceive,  lies  the  great  mis- 
take of  our  civilization,  i.  e.,  in  relation  to  our  mode  of  living.  Here  is  to  be 
seen  the  need  of  education,  that  this  cause  of  disease  may  be  realized." 

Further  he  says:  "There  may  be  a  new  principle  or  ingredient  yet  to  be 
discovered  in  the  air,  which  governs  the  arrangement  either  of  its  atoms  or 
molecules,  and  thus  make  it  respirable.  Indeed,  we  seem  to  be  confronted 
with  the  most  important  inquiry,  the  answer  to  which  would  be  of  the  most 
inestimable  value,  namely,  what  is  the  relation  of  atmospheric  electricity  to 
the  respirability  of  air?  In  other  words,  how  does  the  breathing  of  air 
through  its  oxygen  be  only  partially  consumed,  make  it  unfit  for  again  sus- 
taining life  till  it  is  re-electrified  or  re-vitalized?  Or  again  what,  if  any,  is 
the  inhibitive  state  of  oxygen  in  the  air,  especially  in  once-used  air,  which 
renders  it  non-absorbable  or  its  use  nugatory  in  sustaining  life." 

I  think  it  is  not  presumptuous  to  say  that  the  preceding  analysis  to  a  great 
extent  answers  these  questions.  I  repeat  with  Dr.  Dennison,  that  the  lack 
of  proper  ventilation  and  open-air  life  is  the  bane  of  civilization.  If  the 
human  lungs  had  plenty  of  moving  air,  without  draught,  and  the  human 
race  had  sufficient  good  food,  with  less  worry  and  waste  of  energy  in  gain- 
ing the  necessities  of  life,  there  would  be  such  a  decrease  in  the  death-rate 
from  consumption  or  tuberculosis,  that  within  a  period  of  a  few  years  the 
disease  would  scarcely  be  known. 

We  must  remember  the  great  amount  of  carboniferous,  decaying  matter 
thrown  off  from  the  lungs  every  twenty-four  hours.  If,  for  any  reason,  the 
lungs  are  not  cleared  of  this  vitiated  animal  matter,  what  is  the  result? 
They  become  clogged,  and  proper  electrification  of  the  blood  cannot  take 
place.  The  mass  becomes  a  hot-bed  for  the  generation  of  tubercular  bacilli 
which  appear  by  the  million,  as  a  result,  and  not  as  a  cause  of  this  scourge 
of  the  human  race. 

Too  much  stress  can  not  be  laid  on  the  subject  of  ventilation.  In  this  age 
all  buildings  are  so  constructed  as  to  nearly  exclude  air;  as  a  consequence 


15 

■we  are  fast  developing  into  a  race  of  consumptive  and  nervous  wrecks 
Every  infant  born  must  fight  its  way  in  life  against  the  fearful  odds  of 
vitiated  and  non-electrified  air;  under  those  conditions  thousands  of  them 
perish  before  they  even  taste  the  first  fruits  of  happy  childhood  with  its 
open-air  life. 

Go  into  the  crowded  theaters  and  churches,  you  will  find  them  a  hot-bed 
of  disease  and  corruption,  all  on  account  of  a  lack  of  air.  People  crowd 
together,  breathing  over  and  over  again  the  devitalized  air — and  then  they 
wonder  why  they  feel  so  stupid,  why  they  take  cold  so  easily.  If  the  doctors 
and  ministers  of  the  world  would  only  teach  the  people  the  value  of  fresh 
air,  they  would  indeed  be  teaching  the  laws  of  life. 

Everywhere  we  can  see  the  great  necessity  of  proper  electrification  of  the 
blood,  and  its  influence  upon  the  health  and  harmony  of  the  individual.  It 
is  obvious  that  the  system  will  not  receive  its  proper  supply  of  energy,  and 
the  whole  organism  will  suffer  in  consequence,  if  the  atmosphere  is  poor  or 
devitalized. 

For  example,  let  us  take  a  case  of  carbon-monoxide  poisoning.  Here  we 
have  carbon  instead  of  oxygen  passing  into  the  lungs,  and  what  action 
should  we  expect?  The  carbon  of  the  gas  meets  the  carbon  and  hydrogen 
excreted  by  the  lungs;  now  these  molecules  are  repellant,  or  dia-magnetic  to 
each  other,  consequently  molecular  rearrangement  can  not  occur  and  no 
electro-chemic  energy  results.  Gradually  the  carbon  ceases  to  be  excreted 
by  the  lungs,  venous  blood  remains  unchanged  and  passes  into  the  arteries, 
making  a  few  circuits,  and  is  found  as  such  when  the  post-mortem  is  made 
by  the  coroner.  In  his  mistaken  diagnosis,  he  believes  that  the  carbon  has 
passed  from  the  carbon  mon-oxide  gas  by  osmosis  and  has  formed  a  union 
with  hemoglobin,  but  the  real  action  which  takes  place  is  the  union  between 
unexcreted  carbon  of  venous  blood  and  hemoglobin.  The  reason  for  this 
union  is  because  the  blood  fails  to  gain  its  supply  of  electric  energy  from  the 
atmosphere;  the  moment  this  supply  ceases  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  the 
elements  having  attraction  for  each  other  within  the  blood  stream  from 
uniting. 

The  lungs  are  the  all-important  center  of  physical  life;  their  motion  is 
synchronous  with  that  of  the  brain.  "Man  does  not  live  by  bread  alone," 
he  may  exist  for  weeks  without  food,  for  a  less  time  without  fluid,  but  if  he 
is  deprived  of  air  and  of  that  necessary  energy  which  he  gains  from  breath- 
ing it,  he  dies  within  a  very  few  moments. 

Notice  the  horse,  as  he  draws  a  heavy  load,  his  dilated  nostrils  show  his 
struggle  for  breath.  Give  him  a  few  moments  to  catch  his  wind,  and  he 
lifts  the  load  to  the  brow  of  the  hill.  Observe  the  athlete,  when  performing 
feats  of  strength,  see  how  he  pauses  to  renew  his  vital  energy  by  deep-drawn 
breaths;  watch   his  chest  rise   and  fall,   as  the  air  rushes  to  and  from  the 


16 

heated  surface  of  the  lungs.  Why  does  be  do  this?  His  weight  is  nearly 
the  same,  bis  slomach  may  be  well  supplied  with  food,  yet  something  is 
needed  to  enable  him  to  continue  his  activity — it  is  electro-chemic  energy 
that  he  gains  from  breathing  atmosphere,  which  creates  the  breath  of  life. 

At  all  times  and  under  all  conditions,  there  is  a  manifest  necessity  for  the 
revitalization  of  the  blood.  Every  cell  with  its  nerve  connection,  every 
organ  with  its  cylindrical,  insulated  tubes,  indicates  to  the  thinking  mind 
that  this  great  work  of  renewal  is  that  of  an  electro-chemic  process.  What 
the  sun  is  to  the  earth  in  the  renewal  of  atmospheric  life,  the  lungs  are  to 
the  blood  in  the  renewal  of  its  life. 

The  organs  that  propel  the  blood  stream  never  sleep.  Night  and  day  the 
lungs,  heart  and  nervous  system  labor  in  perfect  accord  to  keep  the  vital 
energy  at  a  proper  "  potential "  or  standard  which  we  know  as  health  Even 
in  sleep  this  work  goes  on.  Other  organs  may  rest,  but  these  maintain  an 
incessant  activity.  While  the  brain  reposes  the  system  has  time  to  accumu- 
late energy  whose  supply  is  continually  drawn  upon  during  activity.  If 
our  rest  be  perfect  we  awaken  with  bouyant  spirits  and  with  nerves  tingling 
with  a  charge  of  new  life;  but  if  our  sleep  be  broken,  if  we  toss  to  and  fro, 
the  energy  does  not  accumulate  and  we  arise  exhausted;  we  are  using  our 
forces  faster  than  the  great  batteries  can  supply  them.  We  can  not  digest 
our  food  for  lack  of  energy;  we  have  no  resistance  to  the  opposing  forces 
about  us,  and  are  thus  in  a  condition  for  the  ravages  of  disease. 

In  this  age  we  are  still  taught  that  disease  is  an  entity — a  microbe,  a 
devil ;  something  that  must  be  driven  out  by  some  powerful  antiseptic,  or 
killed  by  poisonous  serum. 

All  this  is  contrary  to  nature.  It  can  bring  nothing  but  disappointment 
to  the  physician  and  sorrow  to  the  suffering  millions  of  earth.  In  the  name 
of  progress  I  must  emphasize  the  fact  that  the  primary  cause  of  all  disease  is 
a  lack  of  life,  a  lowering  potentiality  of  the  normal  electro-chemic  forces  of 
the  human  system. 


OLIVE-OIL  IN  THE  TREATMENT  OF  HEM  ATOM  ATA. 

Dr.  Gamescasse  (Rev.  de  Therap.)  advises  the  application  of  olive-oil  in  all 
cases  of  contusion  and  hematomata.  No  rubbing  in  is  necessary — it  is 
indeed  painful  and  therefore  to  be  avoided — but  the  oil  is  simply  sprinkled 
on  or  applied  on  lint.  If  the  skin  is  broken,  a  previous  cleansing  with 
some  antiseptic  is  advisable.  The  mode  of  action  of  the  remedy  is  not 
olear,  but  the  rapidity  and  effectiveness  of  its  operation  are  said  be  re- 
markable. A  black  eye  thus  treated  disappeared  so  quickly  and  completely 
that  the  victim  was  inclined  to  complain  on  the  ground  that  he  had  no 
visible  injury  to  show  to  the  police. — Mass.  Med.  Journal. 


J  A. 


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